organizational behavior Essay - 1748 Words

1. What are the observable artifacts, espoused values, and basic assumptions associated with Chrysler’s culture? Explain. 2. How is Mr. Machionne trying to improve the PE fit of his direct reports? 3. Use the competing values framework to diagnose Chrysler’s culture. To what extent does it possess characteristics associated with clan, adhocracy, market, and hierarchy cultures? Discuss. 4. Begin by looking up Chrysler’s mission or vision statement on the company’s website. Now answer the following question: To what extent is the culture type you identified in question 2 consistent with the accomplishment of this mission or vision? Explain. 5. Which of the mechanisms for changing organizational culture did Mr. Marchionne use at†¦show more content†¦Would you like to work at Chrysler? Explain your rationale. 31. What are the observable artifacts, espoused values, and basic assumptions associated with Chrysler’s culture? Explain. 32. How is Mr. Machionne trying to improve the PE fit of his direct reports? 33. Use the competing values framework to diagnose Chrysler’s culture. To what extent does it possess characteristics associated with clan, adhocracy, market, and hierarchy cultures? Discuss. 34. Begin by looking up Chrysler’s mission or vision statement on the company’s website. Now answer the following question: To what extent is the culture type you identified in question 2 consistent with the accomplishment of this mission or vision? Explain. 35. Which of the mechanisms for changing organizational culture did Mr. Marchionne use at Chrysler? Explain. 36. Would you like to work at Chrysler? Explain your rationale. 37. What are the observable artifacts, espoused values, and basic assumptions associated with Chrysler’s culture? Explain. 38. How is Mr. Machionne trying to improve the PE fit of his direct reports? 39. Use the competing values framework to diagnose Chrysler’s culture. To what extent does it possess characteristics associated with clan, adhocracy, market, and hierarchy cultures? Discuss. 40. Begin by looking up Chrysler’s mission or vision statement on the company’s website. Now answer the following question: To what extent is the culture type you identified in question 2Show MoreRelatedOrganizational Citizenship Behavior4841 Words   |  20 PagesTable of contents: Page # 1. Literature Review 1 1.1. What are Organizational Citizenship Behaviors (OCBs) 1 1.2. OCB and its link with Organization 3 1.3. How OCB’s are exhibited by employees 4 1.4. Importance of OCB 5 1.5. Effect of OCB on employees 6 2. Introduction to Organization 6 2.1. Allied Bank Limited 7 2.2. Meezan Bank Limited 7 2.3. First Women’s Bank 7 2.4. MCB 7 3. Findings and resultsRead MoreOrganizational Behavior1284 Words   |  6 PagesBachelor of Business Administration (Hons) Course Title : Organizational Behavior Course Code : BUS 250 Year of Study : 2 Number of Credits : 3 credits Duration in Weeks : 12 weeks Contact Hours Per Week : 3 hours Pre-requisite Course(s) : BUS 120 Principles and Practice of Management Course Aims The course provides students with a conceptual and a pragmatic approach to understand the employees’ behavior in the organization. This course equips students with the knowledgeRead MoreOrganizational Behavior1387 Words   |  6 PagesOrganizational Behavior Michael J. Bonnie CJA444 June 5, 2014 Eddie Gordon Organizational Behavior Organizational behavior is the study of how employee’s behavior interacts within an agency’s work environment. It includes many subjects which include sociology, communication, psychology, and management. Its primary purpose is to review and report in the ever expanding study in criminal justice organizational behavior areas in the workforce. This discussion focuses on the forces of change andRead MoreEssay Organizational Behavior1057 Words   |  5 PagesOrganizational Behavior Organizational behavior: Organizational behavior refers to the attitudes and behavior of the individuals in the organization. Organizational behavior is a inter-disciplinary field of study that draws from many of the behavioral sciences. The goal of organizational behavior is to apply the concepts from the other behavioral sciences to pressing problems that management may be facing, as well as applying organizational behavior to the administrative theory and practicesRead MoreOrganizational Behavior And Human Behavior1217 Words   |  5 PagesOrganizational behavior studies the impact of groups, individuals, and structures have on the personal human behavior within many organizations. There is many different definitions of organizational behavior, but they are all relatively the same in all cases. â€Å"Organizational behavior studies organizations from multiple viewpoints, including behavior within the organization and in relation to other organizations (Boundless.com).† This is not just the study o n one organization, but the study withinRead MoreOrganizational Behavior : Organization Behavior2093 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Organization behavior is the study and application of information regarding how an individual or group of people within an organization behaves. According to John Schermerhorn author of the book Organizational Behavior Twelfth Edition, organizational behavior is the key characteristic used to maintain and enhance interaction levels amongst employees within a company (Schermerhorn, 2011). There are additional characteristics such as leadership, openness to confer in relation to issuesRead MoreOrganizational Behavior And Organizational Behaviour1644 Words   |  7 PagesThe above drawn figure shows about organisational behaviour. It highlights the bonding among human behaviour in organizational settings, the individual - organization interface, the organization, the environment surrounding the organization. In an organization each and every individual brings its own experience, managerial and effective skills. Classical Organizational theory:- Popovich (2010) said that in this theory, the concentration mainly goes in how an organization can be structured inRead MoreOrganizational behavior1577 Words   |  7 PagesOrganizational Behavior: An Analysis of Helm Fire and Rescue Company Introduction Organizational Behavior is referred to as the study of individuals and their relative behavior subject to the existing organizational environment. The concept applies in a diverse workplace setting in different ways and had diverse impacts to the organization. Organizational behavior field includes communication, sociology, psychology, and management. The concept is subject to both internal and external factors affectingRead MoreOrganizational Behavior5621 Words   |  23 PagesChapter 1 - The Field of Organizational Behavior Multiple Choice Questions 1. Pharmacia is an example of a company that: a. experienced culture clashes as a result of a merger. b. ignored technological advances to its harm. c. is a great employer in terms of human resources, but an unprofitable company. d. focused on balance sheets rather than human resources. Answer a Page 2 2. _____ is a structured social system consisting of groups and individuals working together toRead MoreOrganizational Behavior And Organisational Behavior2512 Words   |  11 PagesNowadays with the new millennium speeding towards us and competitive advantage more rapidly than ever, organisational behavior is one of the most direct relevance study for deeper understanding of management context. Indeed, it’s about how people organised and managed at work, which contains the study of leadership, motivation and organisational design to examine human behaviour in relation to various psychological, social and political conditions. The purpose of study this subject from regulatory

Reforming The Judicial System Of The United States

So, what is the first priority that needs to be changed? Reforming the judicial system, which establishes the law enforcement, should eliminate social evils such as: drugs, alcohol, looting, and prostitutes. Beside, consolidating and expanding the powerful military are needed to protect the borders. In addition, enforcing strict punishment should be initiated for those who act with corrupt behaviors, in order to avoid fraudulence and dishonesty. According to the study of some researcher about corruption† Studies in five provinces found that 85 per cent of households perceived corruption in land management. Thirty-five per cent of businesses said that gifts and informal payments were standard aspects of doing business in Vietnam† (Duke Harris, 2012). For protection of one’s interest, all citizens should be able to have the right to vote for those who best represent. Establishing a democracy is necessary, instead of communist ruling, which should have been proscribed a long time ago. â€Å"Communism s effects on economies across the globe have been particularly disastrous. By nationalizing productive assets and placing their management into the hands of officials who possess neither the competence nor the motivation to oversee them efficiently, Communism invariably causes productivity to decline precipitously. Moreover, it causes the people at large to view themselves not as self-sufficient individuals but rather as wards of the state, dependent upon government largesse forShow MoreRelatedAssignment 1 Public Administration Th Essay1451 Words   |  6 Pagesnecessary to perform such a complex operation. The same can be said about the American education system. Throughout America’s history parents, educators, and government officials have been debating what changes must be implemented for American children to receive every opportunity possible to gain an education that will prepare them for the future. the one type of public policy the education system would be suited for is by way of distributive polices because â€Å" of its most common form of governmentRead MoreJapan s Legal System : Japan Essay1735 Words   |  7 PagesJapan’s legal system, as overlaid by Junko Gono, et al, in their work, â€Å"Overview of Legal Systems in the Asia-Pacific Region: Japan,† is based on the civil law tradition, with its biggest historical influences being the civil codes of France and Germany as well as United States law (7). Though considered a civil law country, one key aspect of Japan’s judiciary goes against the standard template for a civil law legal system. Unlike other civil law based countries, Japan’s highest court, as explainedRead MoreEssay about Capital Punishment904 Words   |  4 Pagessought to punish. The only way to destroy a criminal is by reforming the man who is a criminal. To destroy a criminal is by reforming the man who is a criminal. To destroy his bodily life is nothing but a stupid blunder. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The strongest argument against using capital punishment for retributive purposes, is the argument that capital punishment is cruel and unusual punishment. The Eighth Amendment of the United States Constitution, condemning cruel and unusual punishment, isRead MoreAlternative Dispute Resolution ( Adr )1432 Words   |  6 Pagesalso a way to resolve environmental and natural resource disputes. In 1985, the Attorney General issued a directive identifying the need for ADR to drastically reduce the time and cost of litigation. Tribunals The tribunal system of the United Kingdom is part of the national system of administrative justice with tribunals classed as non-departmental public bodies. Tribunals run in conjunction with the court and nonetheless not strictly a form of Alternate dispute resolution, are a specialised alternativeRead MoreCrime Rates And Gathering Intelligence Information866 Words   |  4 Pagescommunity has opted to employ these systems. Overwhelmingly, a consensus amongst the population agrees police officers should be held accountable for their action through continuous monitoring during their on duty hours (CBS News New York 2015). Furthermore, demand from the public to become knowledgeable in all events, public or private, has added pressure in the suggestion of increased intelligence based technologies. With final regard to the judicial system itself, an increased push for the releaseRead MoreMandatory Minimums And The United States Justice System1007 Words   |  5 PagesWhile the Unite d States’ justice system has been a model for many countries around the world, the injustice of certain aspects in our court’s system is prominent. Mandatory minimums are just one example the of injustice in our justice system. The Supreme Court has â€Å"†¦casted doubt on the constitutionality of the federal sentencing guidelines used for nearly two decades† (Kenneth Jost, 2004), despite this, nothing has been done to correct it. And while the idea of mandatory minimums is a good thingRead MoreThe Evolution Of Punishment And Its Effect On Society949 Words   |  4 Pagespenalty inflicted on an offender through judicial procedure (Punishment | Definition of Punishment by Merriam-Webster). In today’s society does the punishment equivalent to the crime committed by an offender? Therefore, how much punishment should one receive based on their offence? It is a conflicting matter that has brought the government and the public into speculation on the jud icial system from time to time. Punishment is a philosophy, which states many years back when someone was seen committingRead MoreReasons For Socio Economic Rights1515 Words   |  7 Pageswithin the justice system. Interviewee No P5 stated that ‘Grand corruption has depleted resources that could have been used to provide housing, health, education and other social infrastructure that would have sustained human and citizen welfare’. According to Justice Nwali (JSC) ‘if the medical facilities are not available locally to meet their medical needs it is only because due to corruption in high places the country cannot build proper medical facilities equipped with the state of the art gadgets’Read MoreThe Affordable Care Act ( Aca )956 Words   |  4 Pagesis an historic piece of legislation that has had massive effect on healthcare in the United States. Its systemic effects on healthcare in this country are numberous, from insurance to ambulatory care, from healthcare related taxes to healthcare resources, and beyond. That said, the following research paper attempts to summarize how this massive piece of legislation has effected healthcare in the United States, to date; with a particular eye towards the effects on the average healthcare consumerRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency And Juvenile Criminal Justice System1475 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Juvenile delinquency is an ever growing issue in the United States, according to the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, â€Å"In 2012, there were 3,941 arrests for every 100,000 youths ages 10 through 17 in the United States† (OJJDP, 2014). The way juveniles are treated in the criminal justice system is very different than the way adults are. In 1899, in Cook County, Illinois, the first juvenile justice system in the country was founded. This established an alternative way

Malcom X Essay Thesis Example For Students

Malcom X Essay Thesis Malcolm X Throughout history there have been many people who have stood out and made an impact in the way we think and comprehend things. During the late 1950s and early 1960s, Malcolm X was no exception. His militant views that Western nations were inherently racist and that black people must join together to build their own society and value system had an important influence on black nationalist and black separatist movements of the 1950s and 1960s. At the beginning of the movie, Malcolm X was born Malcolm Little. He was a young child trying to adapt to societys changes. He was looking so hard that he fell into the wrong crowd. Malcolm bumped into a man named Archie who was a big time thief. Archie ran a numbers system in the streets and he convinced Malcolm to join him. Malcolm became a scoundrel with an evil demeanor. Malcolms business partner, was a white woman by the name of Sophia. They were on drugs and even robbed a house. Because of their antics, the law was on their trail. They eventually caught and sent to prison. Malcolm was sentenced to 8 years in prison while Sophia was only sentenced to 2 years because she was white. This relates to the social organization of arrest, which suggest that police arrest blacks at a higher rate than whites. While Malcolm was in jail, he was well known to the guards. One time he was asked to state his number, but instead he said he forgot his number. The guards beat the hell out of him and sent him to the darkroom. In the darkroom he met Brother Baines. Baines was a man everyone respected including the guards. He was know as the real man and gave speeches about Islam. Malcolm didnt want to listen to him at first, but Bainess cool style helped Malcolm realize that Islam is for him and that the white man is the devil. While in prison, Malcolm read widely and developed an interest in the Nation of Islam, a Black Nationalist religious movement whose members were known as Black Muslims. Malcolm studied the teachings of the leader of the Black Muslims, Elijah Muhammad, who advocated an independent black state. The Nation of Islam was based on a theology adapted from several models: traditional Islamic teachings principles of Black Nationalism, and economic self-help programs that addressed the needs of African Americans living in urban ghettoes. Unlike traditional Islam, which rejects all forms of racism, the Nation of Islam declared that whites were the devil by nature, and that God was black. However, the Black Muslims predicted that in the near future a Great War would take place in which whites would be destroyed and black people would rule the world through the benevolence of Allah, their creator. To prepare for this new order, the Nation of Islam stressed personal self-restraint, opposed the use of drugs and alcohol, and organized economic self-help enterprises that eventually included farms, food stores, restaurants, and small businesses. The Black Muslims recruited heavily among the poorest of urban blacks and in prisons, where Malcolm Little was converted to the faith. Instead of wasting his time in prison and getting into more trouble, Malcolm decided to change his lifestyle and devise a plan to better himself. He goes through a gleaning stage. He began to read and expand his mind. As he did this, a world of knowledge opened up to him. He also tried to improve himself in other ways. He worked on his social skills and his physical appearance. He decides not to associate himself with former friends he got in trouble with and forms new relationships with people who want to make a change. One of the converted men, Brother Johnson was in an altercation with the police. The police said he was not quick enough to get out of the way so they beat him almost to death because of his race. This is another example of racial conflict. Malcolm was furious. He rushed to the police station to see Johnson, but the police denied Malcolm permission to see Johnson. Malcolm said that he wou ld see Johnson and that he wasnt leaving until he did. After a long struggle he got wish. While Malcolm was inside, his brothers were lined up outside the station like an army. Many of the police said that Malcolm had too much power. The police tried to use that as propaganda against Malcolm. They were trying to convince the members of Islam that Malcolm was too powerful and more important than Muhammad. This is a type of organized crime used by the police. Malcolm X left a very complicated legacy and affected many blacks and whites. His personal journey from petty criminal to spiritual leader was unique. He was admired for how he transformed himself intellectually from a preacher of racial hatred to an advocate of interracial and international brotherhood. Malcolm X significantly elevated black consciousness in the United States. He asserted in the most forceful terms that black is beautiful, and that African Americans must take control of their own destiny. Always charismatic and witty, his words and speeches provided quotes for people with many different social and political goals. His most enduring message remains one of black self-respect and self-help, combined with his uncompromising rejection of racism. .ud249a706b7019e76b872183ab8a3aae6 , .ud249a706b7019e76b872183ab8a3aae6 .postImageUrl , .ud249a706b7019e76b872183ab8a3aae6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud249a706b7019e76b872183ab8a3aae6 , .ud249a706b7019e76b872183ab8a3aae6:hover , .ud249a706b7019e76b872183ab8a3aae6:visited , .ud249a706b7019e76b872183ab8a3aae6:active { border:0!important; } .ud249a706b7019e76b872183ab8a3aae6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud249a706b7019e76b872183ab8a3aae6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud249a706b7019e76b872183ab8a3aae6:active , .ud249a706b7019e76b872183ab8a3aae6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud249a706b7019e76b872183ab8a3aae6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud249a706b7019e76b872183ab8a3aae6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud249a706b7019e76b872183ab8a3aae6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud249a706b7019e76b872183ab8a3aae6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud249a706b7019e76b872183ab8a3aae6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud249a706b7019e76b872183ab8a3aae6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud249a706b7019e76b872183ab8a3aae6 .ud249a706b7019e76b872183ab8a3aae6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud249a706b7019e76b872183ab8a3aae6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Short-cut Essay

Relationship Between Perception and Attention

Table of Contents Introduction Relationship between attention and perception Conclusion References Introduction Attention is the ability to focus on a specific object or part of a conversation in a given environment while ignoring others (Styles, 2005). Once the brain gathers information from the surrounding environment, attention allows one to select on what they want to focus on from the brain. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship Between Perception and Attention specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is attention that enables one to pick their area of interest. For instance, being able to have a phone conversation in a noisy night club while ignoring all the loud music or being able to listening to music in a busy traffic with hooting sounds. There are different types of attention according to scientists, namely; focused attention, sustained attention, selective attention, alternating attention and d ivided attention (Gear, 1989). On the other hand, perception is the ability to become aware of one’s environment by creating meaning from what is obtained by our sensory organs including ears, eyes, skin, smell and taste buds (Styles, 2005). Perception allows a person to interpret information from our senses based on existing information and expectations. As such, perception enables individuals to create meaning from the sensory nerves. There are different types of perception including perceptual constancy which allows the mind to recognize an image from varying angles, light intensity and from different distance (Gear, 1989). For instance, white color appears the same under different light intensity and objects remain the same whether at close or long distance. Generally, perception helps us to create mental image which leads to an action. In most cases, when one sees fire or a lion the mind decide what to do. So smell, touch, sight and sound determine how we perceive thin gs. Relationship between attention and perception Gear (1989) says when we see an object’s light travel to the eyes; we unconsciously interpret what that light means. In the same way, when we see an animal such as a cat in our environment the sensory nerves are able to construct the image which is then created in the mind, this is perception. The same case happens when we hear certain sounds we are familiar with which we are able to interpret and form an image based on that. This creates the relationship between attention and perception. For instance, when we hear a dog bark our brain is able to process this information and creates an image even though we cannot see the dog at that moment. At times however, there are chances of having abnormal stimuli which can result to double images or double meaning (Styles, 2005).Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Perception can also be det ermined by culture and social experiences that an individual has had before; before someone can choose where to put their focus on, they use what is called â€Å"bottom up and top down method† (Styles, 2005). Bottom up allows ones to scan through the environment or in their minds for already existing information while the top down method is based on one’s goals which can lead to forming habits. For instance, if one is used to keeping their car keys in a specific location, their minds will tend to focus their attention to that specific area whenever they want to use the keys, this is attention. Conclusion Attention and perception depend on each other. Perception is part of the brain that interprets what we feel, hear, taste and touch into images that we can be able to understand before the mind takes any action. Attention picks the image and determines what the mind will concentrate on depending on our goals, past experience and areas of interest (Styles, 2005). Refere nces Gear, J. (1989). Perception and the evolution of style: a new model of mind. London: Routledge Press. Styles, A. (2005). Attention, perception and memory: An integrated production. New York: Psychology press. This essay on Relationship Between Perception and Attention was written and submitted by user Kensley George to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

His Promised Land book review essays

His Promised Land book review essays The autobiography of John P. Parker, a former slave and conductor of the Underground Railroad, could be best described as the life time battle of one man against slavery of the African American people. In his own definition of this great injustice, that sadly effected many lives, Parker describes slavery as a phenomenon that "was the making of a human being as an animal without hope . . . and that slavery's curse was not pain of the body, but pain of the soul"(Parker, p26). This troubled him so much that he devoted his life to make a change. Although he often risked his own life along the way, he not only fought for his own freedom, but for the freedom of other slaves as well. His struggle takes place during the darkest time for blacks, particularly in the southern regions of the United States, and part of the most shameful of American history. Slavery was introduced in 1619 as a response to a shortage of labor in southern plantations. By the 1700s, the height of slavery, enslaved blacks came to outnumber whites in the south almost two to one. Between 1730 and 1760, as a response to a fear of black revolts, laws were passed to establish white control over the status of black slaves, enshrining it into law (Mckay, p895). Economics led to the social and legal institutionalization of black slavery, racist arguments were a means of justifying that institutionalization. In the last throws of the struggle, only years before Lincolns 1863 Emancipation Proclamation, that led the way for the eventual abolishment of slavery, Parkers struggle is significant because it was against a centuries old practice and a deeply entrenched institution in Southern states. Parker's memoirs reveal an interesting account of the life of a slave in the mid 1800s and, more important, as an Underground Railroad participant The Underground Railroad was a network of free African Americans and sympathetic whites that concealed, cl...

A sound mind in a sound body - Smart Custom Writing Samples

A sound mind in a sound body - Smart Custom Writing GregorThe Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka's is a characteristic in the genre of investigational symbolic fiction that came about in the early 20th century. The central character of the story, Gregor Samsa, is the epitome of the numbing of the soul amidst the rising of the industrial revolution. An irony in The Metamorphosis is that Gregor Samsa experiences a metamorphosis in the corporeal sense only; philosophically was always a bug and turning out to be one physically has no consequence on his satisfaction in life. According to Karl Marx, the laborer's "work is external to the worker, i.e., it does not form part of his essential being so that instead of feeling well in his work, he feels unhappy, instead of developing his free physical and mental energy, he abuses his body and ruins his mind" (Bloom 107).   Gregor is the perfect symbol for what Marx is arguing about; he is estranged from the product he endeavors to generate for the reason that he doesn't own it. Further, he is actually not even laboring to earn a wage; his wages are going to settling his father's sum unpaid. When Gregor body transforms into the bug he was philosophically all alone, his alienation and isolation turns out to be complete. â€Å"Gregor Samsa's transformation into vermin presents self-alienation in a literal way,not merely a customary metaphor become fictional fact...no manner more drastic could illustrate the alienation of a consciousness from its own being than Gregor Samsa's startled and startling awakening† (Bloom 105). Lastly, Gregor's estrangement from his humankind is totally realized and physicalized: â€Å"That is to say, Samsa, having been a successful salesman, was once the pillar of his family, but now, being helpless, his sister assumes in the eyes of his parents the role of leadership and reassuring strength that he had once occupied† (Scott 37). Just like an insect is a small participant in the grander system of nature and not anticipated to experience things such as ambition or content, so does Gregor ultimately give over completely to a scheme m eant to obliterate those key workings of humanity. Bloom, Harold, ed. Franz Kafka's the Metamorphosis. New York: Chelsea House, 1988. Scott, Nathan A. Rehearsals of Discomposure: Alienation and Reconciliation in Modern Literature: Franz Kafka, Ignazio Silone, D. H. Lawrence . New York: King's Crown Press, 1952. Kafka, Franz. "The Metamorphosis." The Norton Anthology of World Literature, Vol. F: The Twentieth Century. 2nd Edition. Ed. Sarah Lawall. New York: W.W. Norton Company, 2003.

The Gynecologic Oncology Group Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Gynecologic Oncology Group - Article Example The members of the organization place great trust in the Ingres database system. They see it as a reliable and accurate service which minimizes their costs yet helps them reach their goals. Back when such a database service was not available to the group, correspondence was probably not as easy or efficient. Results would have been difficult to share or view and they probably took a while to publish and send out. Without the database provided by Ingres, the group might not have had as many members and its members were probably not able to participate as much. They would have announced successful and unsuccessful clinical tests through newsletters or journals, released in volumes which are separated by months at a time. Though this would still get the message through, the development in cancer research would not be as progressive and geographically extensive. Atomic PR for Ingres. Gynecologic Oncology Group Relies on Ingres Database for Critical Cancer Research and Treatment. 7 April 2009. 8 April 2009 .

Strategic Staffing Handbook Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Strategic Staffing Handbook - Essay Example Rather, expanding the traditional approach, it principally turns the existing staff members from being reactive to a proactive nature. It actually complies with the just-in-time supply chain management with regard to the operational process that mainly involves the management of the talent supply in order to ensure right people in appropriate position at right time (Bechet, 2008). Strategic Staffing handbook is theoretically regarded as a medium that provides the employees with detail information of the organization as well as the employment terms. Strategic Staffing handbook usually entails polices, rules and the procedures being operated within the organization. It also entails the details of the employment contract. It frames an important Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) tool within any organization providing the entire internal scenario of the organizations’ operations and its prevailing policies and procedures. Hence, it is vital for the staff to go through the staffing handbook with great care as the staffing handbook not only gives details about the assigned roles along with the responsibilities of the employees, but also intends to discuss about the company’s human resource quality. It provides an insight on the job analysis segment and the approaches to the process of the job analysis consequently. Apart from this, the handboo k also provided an overview about the employment details. Strategic staffing for our company reflects about the process, which has been into application in order to identify the implications of the selected staff members. The application of the strategic staffing principally addresses the impacts of staffing on our company’s business strategies along with the advanced plan. Apart from this, our company also implements the notions of strategic staffing in order to gain ideas about the prevailing issues that reflect about the gap or surplus with regard to

Corporal Punishment Essay Example for Free

Corporal Punishment Essay Corporal punishment is a subject that has a lot of emotional opinions for me. The Collins English Dictionary describes corporal punishment as punishment of a physical nature, such as caning, flogging, or beating. The description of caning, flogging or beating should be enough to indicate that it is not needed for children. Corporal punishment has a tone that is too close to child abuse to be comfortable with any form of it. I suppose the clarity should be to try to define the line between discipline and abuse. Corporal punishment in my mind is abuse, not discipline. Discipline should not leave marks, bruises or cause lasting physical or emotional pain. It should be something that gets the child’s attention and offers correction, but too many parents or adults simply just don’t know where the line is and when they have so clearly crossed it. I realize that psychological marks or bruises maybe difficult to read but I believe that there can be some tell-tale signals that indicate how effective it was in a child’s upbringing or how ineffective it was in the same measure. Corporal punishment in families is a controversial practice in the United States and worldwide. (Zolotor, A. J. , Puzia, M. E. (2010). 229-247) Zolotor indicates that advocates of corporal punishment deem it to be a necessary practice for well-behaved children. He further states that it harms children psychologically and interferes with development. Ask any parent, â€Å"do you spank your children? † and, many will quickly admit that they do. However their definition of spanking and the reality of corporal punishment are often too close to each other to separate discipline from abuse. I grew up in a family that discipline meant instant harsh responses to someone’s disfavor of your actions. In my family, discipline could be dealt out by anyone your senior including aunts, uncles, grandparents, older siblings, older cousins, or just about anybody who would have a reaction to a child being a child and investigating their limitations and curiosities. When I think about whether or not corporal punishment is effective or not, I have to admit that I have a severely tainted view and opinion. It is not easy to see clearly how punishing a child for discipline sake and having hem scream, â€Å"I am scared† when they are about to be disciplined can possibly mean the same thing. As I sit here preparing to provide opinions or belief systems in my life that do not support corporal punishment, I think of the moments in my childhood that I remember most. I remember a sad day in my mother’s life when she, for some reason, asked me what I remember most about my childhood and I said, â€Å"The beatings, mom, I remember the beatings most†. I saw the pain in her eyes and it provided no consolation for me or peace for me. I realized in that moment, I probably hurt my mother emotionally more than she ever hurt me physically. I wasn’t trying to be dramatic or even trying to punish her for the life I led as a child. It was just the truth as it stood that day. I am almost fifty years old and I must admit that I still flinch when I am walking through a door and happen to have a woman walk in at the same time or behind me. My father used to smack the boys in the back of the head if we did not remember our manners and hold the door for women. He would scream some unusable obscenity and tell us to be a man of respect and manners and just about knock us to the ground in the process. The argument might be that it was effective because I will almost break my arm to hold a door open for a woman entering a room or a building regardless of the situation. I just think that chivalry is not dead and just do what is expected of a man who provides appropriate respect to women. Twenty-four countries have passed legislative bans on corporal punishment since the passage of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Coleman, D. , Dodge, K. A. , Campbell, S. (2010). This would seem to be sufficient information to indicate that there is strong evidence to prove that it is not a practice that can be tolerated or supported. If the leadership of twenty-four countries have agreed that this is not a proper way to take care of discipline issues with children, someone must have decided that there was enough evidence that proved children need to be protected from the ignorance of their parents. This statement holds a lot of credence for me because this had to be a subject that drew national and international attention at some time in the recent past. Someone brought up the subject of corporal punishment to the leadership of twenty four countries who all agreed that it was an ineffective form of discipline. I remember when I was a child in school at a small school in Arkansas, the principal, Mrs. Hewey, would have a conversation with my brother and me at least twice a week. The conversation was usually followed by the use of a two and a half foot long board that was about five inches wide and had holes drilled in it. Depending on our offense that day we would see anywhere from one to three good solid swats from that board and I swear that she would lean back all the way into the hallway to get a running start at the swing before it viciously collided with your backside. I don’t think this was really that effective but it usually took less than two days for my brother and me to be right back in her office for another try at that board. The only real problem was that every day we had this interaction, we were sure to get some more when we got home from one parent or the other and possibly both if the offense in school was strong enough. Children whose parents approved of and used corporal punishment were more likely to endorse hitting as a strategy for resolving interpersonal conflicts with peers and siblings. (Simons, D. A. , Wurtele, S. K. (2010) Reading this statement alone provides insight on the problems with relationships today. Whether it is factual or just opinion, it would seem that this is reason for other relationship issues that deal with conflict and conflict resolution. It would seem that we could easily expect to hear someone say, â€Å"if he hits you, hit him back† and this would be the fantastic wisdom they provide their children as they also are swift to find reason to administer swift punishment for simply being a child. I was once in a grocery store and overheard an overzealous father telling his son, â€Å"If he hits you again, you hit him back and if you have to do it when he is not watching, but you hit him and hit him again and again. He will certainly leave you alone if you do. † I immediately thought how awful this child’s youth and teenage years were going to be if he followed his father’s misguided advice. I must admit that in hearing just thirty seconds of a conversation, I felt sadness for the boy and disappointment and pity for the father. I thought that someday he is going to be one of those fathers who receives a phone call that says his son is in the hospital or worse because he followed his advice. He will never associate the situation with the advice he gave his son in his most impressionable years. He will just think evil of the people who harmed his son. HE will then respond in the only way he knows how, he will strike back too. Proving again that the discipline he received and the discipline he provided lacked wisdom and only invited sadness and loss in it. According to an article written by Hicks-Pass in 2009 entitled, â€Å"Corporal Punishment in America Today: Spare the Rod, Spoil the Child? † Hicks-Pass described findings that supported an intergenerational cycle of violence; parents who experienced frequent corporal punishment during childhood perceived its use as acceptable and frequently spanked their children. Basically, this means that whatever environment you are raised in will more than likely become a part of your belief system up to and including your approval of the use of corporal punishment. I have often that the exact opposite about some things as I look back on my youth and early parenthood, I found myself saying, â€Å"As a father, I refuse to repeat this behavior with my children† and worked very hard to recognize the responses in me that would have or could have led to the use of corporal punishment. I am a long way from perfect but there are a lot of ways that I have separated myself from the intergenerational beliefs systems that could have overpowered my desire to be different and in some cases better. Some of the ways that I believe a parent can discipline a child that are far removed from corporal punishment are: a) Communicating with them on their level and at a tone of instruction. Yelling is not allowed. This takes patience recognizing that a child doesn’t understand at the same pace or academic level as an adult. So it is one that requires parents to sit down and talk things out with the child explaining the right and wrong behavior and the expected behavior from the parent’s standpoint and then enforcing the change through limitations. b) Time outs that separate them from the situation completely and give them time to calm down and for the parent to do so as well. My children have a five-minute egg timer that we use when they need some time to stop and regroup. We have a place in their room where they have a chair and the egg timer. Once seated there, they cannot move until the ding of the egg-timer goes â€Å"bing†. Then they have to bring the egg timer and the explanation of the situation. Then as a parent, I explain to them the difference between what is expected and what they were doing and then ask for their confirmation of understanding. With five year olds, this takes patience because their attention span is so much shorter. ) Take aways – When my twins begin to argue about something it is usually because one of them has something the other wants and they both begin to fight for it. It is funny that they do not want it until it is firmly in the grasp of the other twin and then they begin to fight for position or possession. Here I just simply take away whatever it is they are arguing about until they can calm down and realize that it is not appropriate or fair to be jealous of someone else especially when they were doin g something that you had no interest in until they began it. This is usually over the use of the I-Pad, Computer, or some form of their homework or books in their room. Through it all, the idea is simple. If twenty-four countries have made corporal punishment illegal, then it would only make sense that we have to begin to educate those families caught up in the circle of violence that it more often than not follows. We have to also educate them with alternatives and coach them through it as they learn alternatives methods of providing discipline and guidance. I can’t remember how many times, my father was providing his discipline and was saying something like, â€Å"I told you not to do this and you are going to get it even if I have to beat it into you! † The fact is I don’t think I ever really got it and therefore have spent most of my adult life separating myself from it. If we start with ourselves and help educate others, we can make a difference but it will take generations to do so. It will not come quickly enough and many children with suffer the wrath of parents who have become their parents.

Racism, Prejudice, Fear and Silence :: Sociology Racism Prejudice Essays

Fear and Silence There are some experiences that have such an impact they change your life forever. The tragedy that occurred on September 11th was certainly one of those. After the bombing, my mom and brother forbade my grandmother to leave the house because of all the discrimination against Muslims. We were scared for her because she wears a scarf. Then the question of how she would attend my brother's wedding became an issue. My brother asked her to take off her scarf during the wedding. I don't blame him for asking because he had good intentions, but I still feel that he should have let her decide for herself. My grandmother, who lived in Iran for many years, is a very simple, but intelligent woman who has her principles. "Take off my scarf? Are you crazy?" was her response. My grandmother has been wearing her scarf since she was a child when the Shah ruled in Iran. The Shah forbade anyone to wear a scarf and would order his police to take them away. It was very difficult for her to go out because of that. To think, she has been through so much and still managed not to take off her scarf - at least until now. The wedding was marvelous. The band played, people danced and happiness set the stage for the momentous day. Everyone seemed to be having a good time, except one miserable old woman. She sat at the far end of the room with no scarf to cover her short hair, no sense of pride, and not a drop of happiness in her. She was hiding in a place where no one could have eye contact with her. Her expression revealed her discontent. It looked like her heart was shattered into many pieces. She was cajoled into doing this, and even though I had not participated in persuading her, I still regret not having done something. With this incident in my mind, I recently visited the mosque with my family. As I peered out the window of the car I saw police cars. I was told they were there to protect the mosque from harm, and a strange feeling came over me. I knew why the police were needed, but the thought of people trying to harm us because some lunatic and his whole crew of idiots were Muslim made me furious. Racism, Prejudice, Fear and Silence :: Sociology Racism Prejudice Essays Fear and Silence There are some experiences that have such an impact they change your life forever. The tragedy that occurred on September 11th was certainly one of those. After the bombing, my mom and brother forbade my grandmother to leave the house because of all the discrimination against Muslims. We were scared for her because she wears a scarf. Then the question of how she would attend my brother's wedding became an issue. My brother asked her to take off her scarf during the wedding. I don't blame him for asking because he had good intentions, but I still feel that he should have let her decide for herself. My grandmother, who lived in Iran for many years, is a very simple, but intelligent woman who has her principles. "Take off my scarf? Are you crazy?" was her response. My grandmother has been wearing her scarf since she was a child when the Shah ruled in Iran. The Shah forbade anyone to wear a scarf and would order his police to take them away. It was very difficult for her to go out because of that. To think, she has been through so much and still managed not to take off her scarf - at least until now. The wedding was marvelous. The band played, people danced and happiness set the stage for the momentous day. Everyone seemed to be having a good time, except one miserable old woman. She sat at the far end of the room with no scarf to cover her short hair, no sense of pride, and not a drop of happiness in her. She was hiding in a place where no one could have eye contact with her. Her expression revealed her discontent. It looked like her heart was shattered into many pieces. She was cajoled into doing this, and even though I had not participated in persuading her, I still regret not having done something. With this incident in my mind, I recently visited the mosque with my family. As I peered out the window of the car I saw police cars. I was told they were there to protect the mosque from harm, and a strange feeling came over me. I knew why the police were needed, but the thought of people trying to harm us because some lunatic and his whole crew of idiots were Muslim made me furious.

Market for Energy Drinks, Sports Drinks and Vitamin-Enhanced Drinks Essay

3. How is the market for energy drinks, sports drinks and vitamin-enhanced beverages changing? What are the underlying drivers of change and how might those forces individually or collectively make the industry more or less attractive? The market for energy drinks, sports drinks and vitamin-enhanced beverages kept on changing through differentiation from other brands to have a better brand image and also to meet the demands of the consumers as it is said that USA has helped greatly in the growth of the industry. Because of the significance of brand recognition, the sellers kept on building the product and how it to be most familiar. Product innovation, one of the market’s drivers of change, is said to be the most important competitive features of the alternative beverage industry. Alternative beverages competed on the basis of differentiation from traditional drinks (carbonated soft drinks or fruit juices) so for energy drinks, they often changed the taste, the energy boosting of their ingredients, and image. It is also through marketing innovation and efficient distribution systems that the industry kept on changing by always having varied its packaging, clever ads, endorsements from celebrities/athletes and sponsorships. Alternative beverage sellers also need to have efficient distribution systems to be successful in the industry. These forces only made the industry attractive because it can attract first time buyers through product and marketing innovation and offer responsive customer service to large customers which may then lead to an increase in market demand, make competition more intense and lead to a higher industry profitability.

Benefit of watching television Essay

Many people think television has mostly a negative impact on their lives because television displays a lot of violence, gossip, and erotic things. They think watching TV will waste their time, disorder their thinking, and give bad demonstrations to their child. Actually, most people hold the wrong views about watching TV; it is beneficial to watch TV. Here are the reasons why. First of all, there is the information that I can absorb from television. Daily news, for example, has a lot of information that I never know about and reports a lot of incidents which happen around the world such as America sends army and air force to Iraq and catches its president, by the way, we can learn not only information but also about different societies, cultures, and customs I can not learn from news such as some strange traditions of a small city that I have never heard in China or another small country in the corner of the earth. Although I spend my time on television but I get something more valuable and helpful than what I consume. Secondly, there is the excitement that I can get from television when I am bored. There are many exciting movies on HBO, for instance, â€Å"Terminator I, II, and III† are very good movies to cheer me up. Many parents think that kind of exciting movies are too violent for their children to watch because they blame the movies for their children’s behavior rather than tell their children what is right and what is wrong; furthermore, parents and adults can watch â€Å"RoboCop† by themselves and they can enjoy the movie without worrying about their children learning bad things or violent behaviors from it. Last but not least, there is the stimulation that I can bring to my brain from the television such as the show – Super Millionaire. This program is very popular not only in America but also in my country – Taiwan because people can join the game in their homes with the participants at the television station, and this can stimulate my brain by thinking about and answering the questions even I can’t really get the bonus if I got the correct answer. Moreover, I can call in the show to win the prize if there is no winner today; this kind of television program suits both children and  adults; there is no bad influence or side effects. To sum up, it is in terms of absorbing information, getting excitement, and stimulating my brain so that television has no negative but only positive impacts on my life. If I want to learn or know something by another way instead of television, I truly believe that I will spend more time and more money to reach my goal.

Juvenile Punishment essays

Juvenile Punishment essays A serious question has been posed as to whether or not children should be treated as adults when they commit serious crimes. Unfortunately, no one knows the answer. Each case should be handled based on its own facts and circumstances surrounding the crime that was committed. Should we as society allow children to commit serious crimes and get away with them? Are the parents the ones who should be held responsible? Should we allow a 15 year old who has committed murder to run free through our neighborhoods and schools? What punishment should a juvenile receive for raping their next-door neighbor? The juvenile crime problem is not a new issue; it has been on the rise for a long time. With the FBI reporting a nearly fourfold increase in the murder arrest rate of people under 17 from 1965 to 1992, juvenile justice reform has become a national obsession. (Matza 1) People are now looking at what should be done about this problem, when they should have thought about that long ago. New laws are being passed everyday and new programs put into place to try to lower the numbers of crimes committed by juveniles, but how many are really working? Juveniles who commit serious crimes should receive more serious punishments. Some of the children come from abusive homes and a person could say this is part of the problem. However, should we blame the parents or punish the parents for the actions of their children? Some people argue that children are not mature enough to be held accountable for their actions. The fact that they were mature enough to commit the crime in the first place says that they are mature enough to take responsibility for their actions. Some say that children are not capable of understanding and do not develop mentally until between the ages of 18 and 21. So how are juveniles allowed to drive if this is the case? Serious crimes should receive serious punishments regardless of whom or how old the per...

Orange-To-Black Halloween Clock Reaction

Orange-To-Black Halloween Clock Reaction The Old Nassau or Halloween reaction is a clock reaction in which the color of a chemical solution changes from orange to black. Heres how you can do this reaction as a chemistry demonstration and a look at the chemical reactions that are involved. Halloween Chemical Reaction Materials WaterSoluble starchSodium metabisulphite (Na2S2O5)Mercury(II) chloridePotassium iodate (KIO3) Prepare the Solutions Solution A: Mix 4 g soluble starch in a couple milliliters of water. Stir the starch paste into 500 ml boiling water. Allow the mixture to cool to room temperature. Add 13.7 g of sodium metabisulphite. Add water to make 1 liter of solution.Solution B: Dissolve 3 g mercury(II) chloride in water. Add water to make 1 liter of solution.Solution C: Dissolve 15 g potassium iodate in water. Add water to make 1 liter of solution. Perform the Halloween Chemistry Demonstration Mix 50 ml solution A with 50 ml of solution B.Pour this mixture into 50 ml of solution C. The color of the mixture will change to an opaque orange color after a few seconds as the mercury iodide precipitates. After another few seconds, the mixture will turn blue-black as the starch-iodine complex forms. If you dilute the solutions by a factor of two then it takes longer for the color changes to occur. If you use a smaller volume of solution B the reaction will proceed more rapidly. Chemical Reactions Sodium metabisulfite and water react to form sodium hydrogen sulfite:Na2S2O5 H2O → 2 NaHSO3 Iodate(V) ions are reduced to iodide ions by the hydrogen sulfite ions:IO3- 3 HSO3- → I- 3 SO42- 3 H When the concentration of iodide ions becomes sufficient for the solubility product of the HgI2 to exceed 4.5 x 10-29 mol3 dm-9, then orange mercury(II) iodide precipitates until the Hg2 ions are consumed (assuming an excess of I- ions):Hg2 2 I- → HgI2 (orange or yellow)If I- and IO3- ions remain, then an iodide-iodate reaction takes place:IO3- 5 I- 6 H → 3 I2 3 H2OThe resulting statch-iodine complex is black to blue-black:I2 starch → a blue/black complex

Question discuss and analyse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Question discuss and analyse - Essay Example More than five million deaths per year are consequences of using tobacco or intensive smoking. Smoking is the main risk factor for top three causes of deaths in Canada and those are cancer, lung disease and cardiovascular disease.Economic cost of $17 billion was bore by Canadian economy as a result of using tobacco in 2002 and in the same year $404 billion of expense for health care was paid directly by Canadian smokers. But the Canadian society is forced to carry costs such as turnover, work absenteeism and income lost due to early deaths. Over a period of time the number of fires resulted from smoking was 36,125 and it cost the Canadian denizens, in property distortion,$433 million. Likewise, the Conference Board of Canada cohered that to employ a smoker than a non-smoker cost them near to $2,565 per year, in 1997. But it is not the society only that bears the economic burden of smoking but in fact it is the smoker himself or herself who have to bear the costs associated to smoking . Smokers are supposed to pay for life insurance premiums and pay billions of dollars in the name of tobacco taxes. And if this is not enough, then there is also the cost of the cigarettes too. Only in the province of Alberta in 2005,† a smoker who smokes a pack a day spends almost $3,650 each year on cigarettes, based on an average price of $10 a pack† (Economic Cost). Additionally, according to the Conference Board of Canada (2012) lung diseases alone costs Canada $12 billion. Analysts believe that if the Canadian populace and government make no effort to combat the dilemma then it is very likely that the cost will double. The cost can be divided in direct health care as 3.4 million (drugs, hospitals, physicians) and $8.6 billion in indirect costs (such as premature death and long term disability)† (Lung Disease Imposes Major Costs on Canada’s Economy, 2012). According to the

Little Big Man Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Little Big Man - Movie Review Example The movie contains some uncertainty. The character, Younger Bear’s search for success goes to the extent of making him a warrior who is contrary. The Younger Bear is a warrior who does everything in reverse except when he is battling. The contrary warrior dries his body with water after washing himself with dirt. He also rides his horse rearwards. The portrayal of the warrior as a contrarian depicts the need for people to be unique from the rest of the population. This contrarianism depicts the Younger Bear as one of the most fundamental component of the community. This duty makes the warrior perform every action in a different way than what is inevitable. In my opinion, the contrary warrior wishes to be different from other people. The different behavior and the way of acting by the contrast warrior defy the norms in the society. This contradiction makes an observer feel like the Younger Bear’s society traditions are imprudent. Nonetheless, the contrary warrior has a responsibility of teaching others. He depicts the wrongs involved in doing things in a manner that is usual. Additionally, he illustrates how to do ordinary things in a way that is wrong. The contrary warrior also dresses in a different way from other people in the community. This is, time and again, improper or unusually extreme to dressing that is ordinary. For an individual to comprehend the community’s characteristics, he or she has to understand the essential role played by the contrary warrior. The two spirit man, who contains the spirit of a man and a woman, is highly respected by the members of the tribe. The indigenous people have an enlightened view of the two spirit man. The portrayal of the two spirit man depicts him as containing two spirits that occupy his sole body. The two spirit man’s way of dressing that contains a mixture of male and female elements depict the active task he has in the community. In my

Providing care with limited reimbursement Coursework

Providing care with limited reimbursement - Coursework Example The number of patients visited weekly will reduce causing some who solely depend on the services of the health agency to suffer. A compromise in the services rendered to the customers may dent the image of the home health agency and lead to mistrust from patients. In such a case, there may be a mass exodus of patients from the organization derailing its operations. When the number of clients decline, the organization will receive less funding from the government. Allocation of fewer funds to the organization will paralyze operations, as there will be little finance to cater for salaries and allowance of the health professionals. The organization will experience shortage of personnel occasioned by inadequate funds arising from reduced government funding. The home health agency will adopt strategies that to enable it recover the lost revenue used to take care of the old patient. Increasing patients’ number receiving care services through the health agency will help bridge the gap in cost of service delivery. Government funding is directly proportional to the number of patients under care of the health agency. The sure way of ensuring a rise for cash availed to the agency by the government is solely increase in patient number. Consequent increased government allocation avails more funds to the agency that is indispensable to service delivery and income generation. The health agency will be in a better position to take proper care of its patients and cater for allowances and salaries for the staff. Mobilization of more patients is through carrying out public relations. In order to limit the cost of visiting patients, the personnel in charge will adopt application of public transport rather than private cars. Public transport systems are relatively cheap compared to the use of private means. In most circumstances, private cars have higher economic social class definition and would consequently demand more finances. In situations where the

British Management Styles

British Management Styles 1. Introduction Some would argue that since industrialization is a rational, orderly process, striving for universal efficiency with standardizing effect, managers would clearly be the same sort of people doing the same kind of things in the same ways. This assumption could be extended to the companies themselves. Manufacturing companies, these generic units of industrialization, would be much the same with regard to their structure and general features wherever they are located. At any rate, this would be true for countries at the same stage of industrial development having the same sort of political system. For example, organisations throughout Western Europe operate in similar contexts and under the same pressures which would lead towards uniformity. The accelerated volume of trade within Europe and increasing collaboration and overlapping ownership between EU organisations would, naturally, lead to the establishment of a common Western European management style. Of course, such a case assuming or alleging that industry, management and companies are everywhere and always the same is not accepted. On the contrary, the assumption that societal culture causes the business climate and approach to management is the prevalent one (Tayeb, 1993). Even the creation of the single common market of EU, requiring common technologies and similar modern distribution and marketing methods from each organisation, does not illustrate any visible cultural assimilation, but rather a cultural synergy1. European managers in general have been reared in societies with long and deep traditions and are too conscious of their past to put aside their diversities for the sake of Europeanisation2. There can be a similar managerialism, which could be called a European managerial culture, but how far this extends; how far managers in Europe do some things the same way is an issue of analytical purposes only. Managing and organizing are not activities isolated from society, carried out by automatons in executive suits according to the universal management principles, in some glassed-in managerial sphere (Hickson, 1993, p.252). Each manager is a person formed by a society, and so the processes of managing and organizing are not separable from societies and their cultures. Hence, the last few years have seen a renewed interest in national differences and a series of comparative studies of the extent of company structure and education systems, as well as the socio-cultural factors which impinge on management style. Nowadays, it is accepted that one can generalize across individual differences in various countries and generate characterizations, either normative or empirical or both, of management styles which particular countries exhibit (Barsoux and Lawrence, 1990). This paper aims to consider the distinctiveness of the British management style on a number of dimensions. The examination of managerial practices in the UK and the relevant issues addressed are based on the interpretation with the case of management application in The Body Shop. The experience of The Body Shop as an international retailer provides us with a fine illustration of both the strengths and weaknesses of the typical British management style. In order to familiarize himself with The Body Shop case, the reader is strongly advised to look over the companys case study written by Gibson-Sweet (1994, in Harris and McDonald), before continuing with the following sections of this paper. 2. UK management Because of the fact that the United Kingdom is a multi-cultural society, identifying the typical characteristics of English managers was never an easy task3. Nevertheless, several studies have been conducted towards that purpose. Hofstede (1984) and Tayeb (1988) for example have attributed to the English a list of distinctive cultural features with direct effect on the way they conduct business. This section discusses some of the most significant features attributed to the English management with references to the case of The Body Shop. Individualism: The origins of individualism, independent thinking and self-confidence in England should be traced long back into history. The protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism were, in fact, the major driving forces behind the Industrial Revolution. Britons have a high regard for liberty and independence. Hence, they have cultivated a strong entrepreneurial mentality and flair. This is illustrated in the laissez faire economic context which they established for more than two hundred years, and which opposed government interference and supported unrestricted economic liberty and free competition4. Consequently, the English had traditionally developed considerable competences in dealing with export markets and responding to foreign competitors and to a flood of imports without going bust or requiring immediate trade protection. The surprising successful development and expansion of franchising in England is a clear reflection of this distinctive capacity of the British entrepreneurs. The Body Shop success owes much to this business formula. Managerial consciousness, anti-technical orientation: British managers are proud of being good all-rounders (Barsoux and Lawrence, 1990). They have a generalist outlook which is akin to the belief that management is something separable from the technical aspects of a job. Related to this idea of generalism is the notion of managerial consciousness, as against technical-orientation which is very profound in Germany. No wonder, therefore, why British managers do not tend to be especially technically minded, since such expertise is not deemed to enhance their managerial reputation or performance. Whereas German top executives would describe themselves first and foremost as specialists, British ones see themselves as managers in more generalist terms, and somewhat detached from production. Naturally, German managers are expected to be too narrow, while Britons have a much broader vision. Both Anita and Gordon Roddick had not any particular technical background but proved to be very successful all-round managers. Informality: In terms of personal exchanges, British managers are informal, especially by the standard of France or Germany. This is because British managers are in a certain way humanitarians. The Body Shop exemplifies this as it segments its market by factors such as the customers ideals and values, rather than by using technical standards. British take people as the point of reference, rather than systems objectives. In Britain, there is a conviction that management is based on individuals, not committees, systems or rule books. People are the frame of reference (Barsoux and Lawrence, 1990, p. 119). This in turn has meant that mush is achieved by means of social acceptance. Hence, influencing and conjoining is essentially persuasive5. That is why British managers take pride in showing off their ability to shape, influence and decide in informal ways and are marked by a strong grasp of political manoeuvring and manipulative skills. This attitude partly explains why British managers tend to have a negative view of conflict. Open conflict between managers is very rare as it is seen ungentlemanly rather than a means of correcting deviations, testing ideas and exerting creativity; the way it is viewed in say Germany or America. Coping well with uncertainty and setbacks: Americans and Japanese are famous for the systematic way into which they gather data and carry out market research in an effort to enhance strategic decision-making. This is not the British style at all. Environmental scanning, SWOT analysis and the like are not typical for Britain. This does not imply that strategy or forward planning is rejected, but rather that it is intuitive. Britons would argue that the full range of options, rationally conceived in an explicit and formal corporate planning, are unlikely to be realised in practice. Anita Roddicks decision to not enter Eastern Europe, for example, was mostly based on vague personal judgements and intuition, rather than market research evidences of the regions unprofitable potentials (in fact there are indications for the opposite; Alexander, 1996). In alignment to the above argument, British managers have a high tolerance for ambiguity and cope well with uncertainty and unexpected setbacks. Of course, this brand of intuitive pla nning becomes a powerful competitive advantage in todays turbulent, fast moving business environment where flexibility, initiative-taking and adaptability to change is paramount. But, exactly because the British feel comfortable in situations where not everything is explicit and space is provided for manoeuvring and exercising personal judgement, they tend to undervalue educational credentials. British companies put a stronger emphasis on pragmatism rather than professionalism, while personal qualities and background (a vague leadership quality and motivating ability as opposed to strict functional attributes), appear to receive the most frequent mention, both in relation to top and middle management. Decentralization: Bigness provides vital economies of scale, financial resources and muscle in the market. However, today it is more flexibility and responsiveness that matter for success. The argument of size is no longer all-pervasive6. Moreover, recession in the early 1980s made corporate restructure necessary for survival. British companies responded with leaner and fitter structures as well as a move towards decentralization7. SBUs were the most obvious manifestation of this transition. The application of decentralised management, in contrast to functional management, encourages autonomy and entrepreneurship and helps to motivate people by making them better informed, more responsible and giving them more control. Thus, UK companies witnessed their managers engaging in initiatives and nurtured the managerial talent they needed. Decentralization has been proved especially appropriate in sectors which are subject to rapid technical or market changes, notably services. In retailing, initiative inno vation adaptation are by far more significant factors of success than control and economies of scale, providing, thus, a strong argument in favour of decentralised structures and approaches to management which UK enterprises have mastered exceptionally well over the past two decades. The Body Shop case is a clear reflection of this: its success was built on creative initiatives and innovation, not on its size and say effective financial control. Democratic management style: There is a wide agreement that control in British business organisations is relatively dispersed. In other words, the democratic style, also referred to as participative or semi-constitutional is the prevalent one in British firms. It can be reflected on the fact that subordinates are consulted in decision-making and are given wide opportunities to exercise discretion in their work. Contrary to the autocratic, paternalistic approach that German firms share, top management in UK displays a willingness to delegate to lower management and counts on the subordinates strong sense of responsibility. Even in the case of UKs small, family-run firms (where a paternalistic pattern is supposed to emerge), British managers (and owners in most cases) do not portray a pure autocratic style, but rather a mixture of democratism autocratism, which is referred to as sophisticated paternalism. Thus, UKs family businesses manage to retain a decentralised decision-making approach while upholding their d istinctive social ethos and religious dissent. This is very evident in many UK firms (e.g. Cadbury, Clarks), but most of all in The Body Shop. However, there are many who suggest that Anita and Gordon Roddick should give up insisting on operating the company along what are essentially family-run lines as this seems to be inappropriate and potentially damaging for the companys future prosperity. Conservatism: The English are widely seen to be a nation with a love for the past, traditionalism, conservatism, and a reluctance to change. Anita Roddick refused to change the business practices applied to The Body Shop no matter how the City or the economic recession forced her to do so. Moreover, she seems not to take advantage of the possibilities offered to franchising from the Internet (Wymbs, 2000), mostly because of conservatism than of any other particular reason. The British conservatism partly explains their reluctance on applying modern technology in their businesses. However, due to this stubbornness on using outdated machinery, British firms missed the opportunity to become first movers in many industries and, subsequently, faced formidable catch-up problems. Lack of ambition: Despite the resurgence in their desire to do business during the 1980s, mostly as a result of the Thatcherism (The Economist, 1989), Britons display little love for business. Involvement in entrepreneurial activity for the purpose of making money has never been respectable. This should be traced to the English educational system and its dominant values. Traditionally, arts and classics were given high priority relatively to engineering and technology. In business conditions, the goal has been traditionally satisfactory rather than outstanding performance. Domestic rivalry is viewed as distasteful, vulgar and certainly ungentlemanly. Therefore, UK firms lack the strong profit orientation of the Americans or the market expansionism of the Japanese. Merging rather than competing is a common choice or perceived necessity. In this respect, the franchising system, on which The Body Shop relied much, fits very well the typical anti-rivalry notion found in Britain. Low value placed on education: Compared with their counterparts in other advanced nations, British managers are still under-educated and poorly trained, notwithstanding the recent growth in university and college provision8. In Britain there has been an anti-intellectual tradition which devalues training, particularly of a vocational kind (Barsoux and Lawrence, 1990; Lane, 1989; Keeble, 1992; Gospel, 1992). Porter (1990) comments on the British educational system as lagging behind virtually all the nations he studied! The country traditionally relied on practicing at doing the job to produce its managerial stock. Naturally, business owners provide very limited support to vocational training as they see it as a cost, a waste of their precious capital, rather than an investment with long-term benefits9. Industrial management in Britain did not attract the intellectual elite and had a relatively small intake of university graduates (Fitzgerald, 1993). The relative value placed on finance (a degree in accounting is he ld to be an ideal qualification for a top management post) suggests an emphasis on the short-term at the expense of the long-term, with research being the prime victim. The process of education is of central importance and needs some further elaboration. The continued under-investment in human capital provided little opportunities for the British economy to exploit its pool of gifted labour force and elevate it from the mere status of gifted amateurs (Jones 1997). One reason that explains the under-developed pattern of vocational education in UK lies at the, until very recently, states deliberate low involvement, even denial of responsibility to the issue. Consequently it was left as a matter for employers and unions. But, as explained above, line management was never persuaded of the direct link between profitability and competitiveness through training and regarded training schemes as an overhead to be cut when profits were threatened. The deepening recession in the 1980s made emp loyers even les willing to invest on training. Moreover, criticism has been levelled at the wide variety of inappropriate training schemes existing in Britain (Lane, 1989). For example, the apprenticeship system was highly inefficient in terms of responsiveness to changing production conditions and contributed even further to the generation of low-skilled labour. Several quotations (Bierhoff and Prais, 1993; Roffe, 1999; Matlay, 1999) for improving both the quantity and quality of vocational education in UK, arguing for the need of a more systematic and homogenous system have been occasionally proposed but not headed. Short-termism: English managers have a very short-term perspective in business planning relative to their major competitors, especially the Japanese and German. In middle management this can be seen in the flair for improvisation. Higher up in the company it manifests itself in the willingness to cut or defer such thing as advertising or RD expenditure in order to meet year-end budgets without worrying about the long-term repercussions of such a course of action10 (Gordon, 1990; Handy, 1988). In this respect, emphasis on growth (as this is seen in France), market share (as in Japan) and continuous quality improvement (like Germany) is not evident in British enterprises. Anti-industrial orientation: British culture has a large alleged impact on the development of anti-industrial orientation, evident on the low esteem that traditionally a career in British industry carried. Hofstede (1984) provides an element of explanation on the basis that British rank very high in the individualistic and uncertainty avoidance cultural dimension. Therefore, Britons have an inherent inclination on risky and entrepreneurial, rather than manufacturing, capital-based activities. British managers continued to prefer old machinery and production processes exactly because of this personal value system which favoured trading, rather than manufacturing. However, this attitude meant the downfall of the British manufacturing industry and a relative decline in the indigenous economy in a sequential manner (Van Ark, 1990; Dintenfass, 1992) as this can be portrayed by stats such as: GDP growth, national income, volume of trade exports and so on (Davis et al, 1992, Dicken, 1999). The Body Shop, on the other h and, illustrates a very good example of how British firms establish competitive advantages not by using modern, hi-tech machinery, but rather through intuition and originality. The Body Shop managed to promote the green issue in a genuine and passionate way, promoting wider societal issues through sponsorship and captured the imagination of consumers worldwide. The companys advertising expenses were grounded to zero; still its marketing approach was highly successful. The Body Shop case, then, moves us to a consideration that will be further elaborated in the following chapter: that British firms have lost their edge on manufacturing but, in the mean time, enhanced their worldwide competitive position in the service sector and in industries like retailing. In this respect, the British economy has mastered a transition from an industry-oriented one to a services-oriented one. 3. UK management and retailing: an integrated approach Insufficient investments in modern technology, industrial relations problems and low level of skill and motivation in the labour force affected productivity and condemned Britains manufacturing industry. However, when it comes to the service sector, the whole picture is very different. For example, while in heavy manufacturing the German labour productivity is found to be 22% higher than that of British as a result of differences in physical capital and engineer-related human capital (OMahony, 1992), such a difference has not been experienced in less capital-intensive and less engineer-related industries (food, drink tobacco, textiles, chemicals). Britain experienced a rapid growth of the service sector as early as in the 19th century, but was exceptional in the 1980s and 1990s (Godley and Fletcher, 2000). Today British firms outperform most of their counterparts in the service sector. In regards of specific industries, such as retailing and financial services, this is very profound (Millward, 1990). The typical British personal capitalism (Chandler, 1990) concept suits the purposes of such industries where the production process is relatively straightforward, offers few opportunities for economies of scale but many opportunities for innovation and entrepreneurial initiatives (Jones, 1997). Take as example the creative ideas of Anita Roddick and the originality of her business practices. Without having sufficient funds, she built the companys success only by relying on her wits. More importantly, since The Body Shops competences are not based on technology and machinery utilization but on its founders creativity, intuition and entrepreneurial capacities, the companys business model is very hard to be imitated and the competitive advantages deriving from it are highly sustainable. British firms, especially in 1970s and 1980s pursued successful strategies of product differentiation and product diversification and possessed capabilities in brand management and distribution, which they employed both in extensive exporting activity and through extensive multinational investments (Alexander, 1997). The British competitive performance in the service sector contradicts the image of British enterprise lacking organisational capability in manufacturing industry. Indeed, research by Balasubramanyam (1992) shows that British corporations in retailing appeared to possess competitive strengths in highly developed management skills, in effect, financial management and marketing management, rather than in production management. Jones (1993) adds to the list of Britains core competences the following: incumbency, experience, and powerful intangible assets, most notably reputation for honesty and stability. Jones and Morgan (1994) suggest that such entrepreneurial and trading skills may have been inherited from the family-firm tradition. The culturist hypothesis suggested in previous sections of this paper might explain the outstanding British performance in such kinds of managerial skills. The above clearly suggest that a distinction must be made between the competitiveness of the British firms in manufacturing and in services (Jones, 1994). Throughout the postwar period and into the 1990s the British retailers were the largest sectorial direct investors in the United States, a position maintained by extensive acquisition activity (Lipsey, 1993). This must have involved considerable organisational and management skills, or else it could not have been sustained. Britons possess skills that evolve into strong core competences when it comes to the service sector and particularly the retailing. Hence, generalizations such as those of Porters slide of Britain (1990) and the Chandlerian critiques should consider more thoroughly the British strength in the less capital intensive and technology oriented industries such as: consumer branded goods (including beverages, confectionary products, cosmetics, perfumes, household products and so on), retailing, financial related servic es, auctioneering, entertainment, publishing, leisure products, consultancy, advertising. Britains broad strength in services partly reflects demand conditions. In business services, a combination of skilled human resources and early industrial strength has given British firms a solid position. In retailing, strength in high-end consumer goods (luxury and wealth-related products) was further supported by a sophisticated domestic demand retained, especially around London. Many of the industries in which Britain still has competitive advantage, technological change has not been significant enough to provide worldwide competitors with a lever to supplant British firms on the basis of their technological superiority, especially in the high-end segments that are not price-sensitive and where buyers value traditional methods. Finally, those areas where UK firms have sustained competitive advantage partly owe it to related and supported industries. In consumer goods and services, a vibrant retail sector has created pressures to innovate. This environment has been a fertile one for British firms to develop skills in consumer marketing. The City of London illustrates a classical example of a sector built upon the concept of clustering11. The dynamism of the cluster has attracted firms from all over the world, solidifying Londons position as Europes financial centre. 4. Conclusions Overall, in response to historic, ecologic and evolutionary processes, UK has created a culture and social climate which stand English managers and their companies in good stead in many respects, but handicap them in some others (Schneider and Barsoux, 1997). Their honesty, trust, self-control, and creativity are their major cultural assets, while their individualism, professionalism and reserve give an impersonal and formal air to business dealings. However, in their effort to deal with competitive markets, they are hampered by unhelpful aspects of their culture and their society. These include capital market short-termism, less-than-favourable attitudes to business, traditionalism, reluctance to embrace new technology wholeheartedly, and ill-prepared school leavers and university graduates. Of course, in retailing, as the case of The Body Shop clearly illustrates, UK management style is highly successful, as most of the negative cultural influences do not affect their performance i n the industry, while the positive ones are those that really matter and provide them with a competitive edge. We have looked at the British management style as at a national level, but this is not the only option. Style may also be construed diachronically, as an expression of a society -and a world- in transition. With this in mind, one might ask what the future will bring in British management. The chances must favour a gradual convergence with Western Europe in ways of managing and organizing, if only because so many influences lead that way. But it is likely to be drawing together that will never completely come together. In other words there are likely to be more similarities, but differences will persist. 5. Notes In fact, Hofstede (1993) explicitly argues that culturally, Europe does not exist. In his studies (1984), the EU countries seem to broaden diachronically their already well-established heterogeneity in terms of cultural values. He also comments on a paradox: despite the fact that Europeans are genetically more homogenous relatively to North Americans, culturally they are significantly more heterogeneous. The notion that Europeans are culturally alike, even if they look more or less alike, goes against the initial optimism of the founders of the EU, who believed in cultural convergence through economic activity. It is still in conflict with the assumptions of many national politicians, journalists, members of the public, and particularly, many non-Europeans. Moreover, the traditional conflicting nature of the relationship between the working and the middle class puts in question even the existence of a homogenous English culture. However, similarities between the two classes are far greater than their differences. Also, their exposition to common social institutions and a constant fusion of values and attitudes among them is such that, in the end, their only basic difference lies to their family upbringing (Tayeb, 1993). It would be, therefore, safe to assume that the two classes are sufficiently alike to talk about an English culture. Besides, there is possibly no nation in which total class homogeneity exists, but historically, this fact did not pose serious threats to the emergence of distinctive national cultures. Of course, the contemporary economy can hardly be called a pure version of capitalism since it is characterized by a mixture of freedom and control, and of private and state enterprise. The emphasis on freedom or control shifted from time to time depending on the policies pursued by the government of the day (conservative governments applied no control beyond fiscal policies, while labour governments tended to use direct control mechanisms). The strongest weapon the British employ for their persuasion to be as gentle as possible is, of course, their humor. Their readiness to joke about business matters is very distinctive. Efficiency, productivity and profit are constant targets for wisecracks. Humor is seen as a device for distancing the unpleasant parts of business life and a safety valve for preserving managerial sanity, perhaps a means of coping with defeat. However, as Barsoux and Lawrence (1990) argue, exactly because jokes suspend reality momentarily, British managers are left with the option not to react. The subversive impact of jokes prevents them of being effective as change agents. The theme of Big Business which was dominant in Europe till the early 1980s failed to respond to the changing European environment since then (low labour productivity growth, high unemployment, slow innovation and low profit margins). The transaction cost theory (Hennart, 2000) or internalisation theory (Buckley and Casson, 1978) provides us with a consistent explanation based on the premise that variations in transaction costs alter the optimum size of firms. Hence, falling transaction costs since 1980s forced a fall in the optimum size of firms making the National Champions highly uncompetitive and SMEs (mostly family-businesses) the emerging pattern. According to others (e.g. Lane, 1989; Jones, 1994), the decentralised nature of UK management is mostly a result of the way British firms actually grew, in effect, through mergers and acquisitions rather than organic growth. This pattern created large firms consisted of a number of small firms, which did not undertake a thorough rationalization of production activity. Such a structure necessitated a decentralised mode of decision-making, regardless of what sentiments top management had on this matter. Lane (1989) provides data from the IMS which illustrate that in contrast to Germany and other advanced European economies, British young people have until very recently gone straight into employment after finishing their compulsory secondary schooling without receiving any vocational education at all. Investment in training by industry has been estimated by Porter (1990) at far less than 1% of revenues in Britain, compared to 2% in Germany and 3% in Japan. For comparative purposes, Germany is found to be far more ahead than UK in the rate of enterprises using the technically most advanced processes and machinery, such as CAD, CNC tools and flexible manufacturing systems. The faster adoption of sophisticated technological devices and processes by Germans can explain their superiority over British firms in high-technology products (Lane, 1989). Porter (1998) uses the term cluster to refer to the geographical concentrations of interconnected companies in a particular location. Other terms used in bibliography for the same purpose, more or less, are agglomeration and industrial districts.

Components Of Law :: essays research papers

Components Of Law   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In class, we broke components of law up into four categories. System of social norms on which laws are based, a group empowered to enforce the laws, a legitimate system of enforcement, and a system for interpreting the law. Throughout this essay I’ll divide up these categories, and give examples of each of them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A system of social norms on which laws are based, generally determine what is good or bad in a society. Legalization of alcohol consumption makes it moral to consume alcoholic beverages, but stores that sell have guidelines to sell the legal beverage. But the illegalization of prostitution, however, is immoral. No one should have to sell their body for money in our society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Law enforcement is a group empowered to enforce the laws. Some laws are unenforced, such as traffic and jay walking laws. There is also a legitimate system of enforcement, that lets a body that has seen a legitimate act to carry out the law. An example is a police officer acting on an observed robbery.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The last component of law is a system for interpreting the law. All laws cannot cover every situation that may happen, therefore it must be interpreted. The Supreme court applies or interprets the law and/or gives the law meaning. Words have no meaning unless we give them meaning to laws and the constitution.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Sociological Definition of law suggests a link between laws and customs. To understand laws you must study social conditions and background(effects all of society). Components Of Law :: essays research papers Components Of Law   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In class, we broke components of law up into four categories. System of social norms on which laws are based, a group empowered to enforce the laws, a legitimate system of enforcement, and a system for interpreting the law. Throughout this essay I’ll divide up these categories, and give examples of each of them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A system of social norms on which laws are based, generally determine what is good or bad in a society. Legalization of alcohol consumption makes it moral to consume alcoholic beverages, but stores that sell have guidelines to sell the legal beverage. But the illegalization of prostitution, however, is immoral. No one should have to sell their body for money in our society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Law enforcement is a group empowered to enforce the laws. Some laws are unenforced, such as traffic and jay walking laws. There is also a legitimate system of enforcement, that lets a body that has seen a legitimate act to carry out the law. An example is a police officer acting on an observed robbery.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The last component of law is a system for interpreting the law. All laws cannot cover every situation that may happen, therefore it must be interpreted. The Supreme court applies or interprets the law and/or gives the law meaning. Words have no meaning unless we give them meaning to laws and the constitution.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Sociological Definition of law suggests a link between laws and customs. To understand laws you must study social conditions and background(effects all of society).